Antwort auf: Satz zur Wiederherstellung des Hauptbuchs
I had this exact same question a few months ago and let me tell you, once you do actually understand its working, it will blow your mind.
In the simplest explanation possible however (without being technical), these 24 words generated on your Ledger are a part of a list of 2048 words that have been set as a standard in the crypto industry. Each seedphrase (24 words) is connected to a particular set of wallets and those sets of wallets can only be accessed using these 24 words.
This is all done using various mathemical algorithms and there is no database that stores the relation between each seedphrase and the accounts linked to it because there are a very huge number (2048^24) of possible combinations. To give you a reference, that number is more than the number of atoms in the entire universe and it would take more than a billion years to access every single wallet even if we used all the computational power from all the devices on the entire planet.
If you want to learn more, I would recommend you read up a bit about cryptography first, specifically about asymmetric or public key encryption systems.